Norovirus is a highly infectious virus that causes gastroenteritis, an inflammation in the stomach lining and intestines. The   outbreaks frequently occur in enclosed or crowded settings, such as schools, hospitals, nursing homes, cruise ships, and restaurants. The disease can quickly spread by contaminated food, water, and contact with infected individuals or objects. Generally, affected individuals recover completely with little to no intervention. However, some people can experience severe symptoms that last longer.

Young children, adults, and seniors with weak immune systems are at increased risk of developing this condition.   

Signs and symptoms of norovirus
The first norovirus outbreak happened in a school in the country in 1968 in Norwalk, Ohio. The original strain of norovirus was referred to as the Norwalk virus for this reason.

Generally, signs and symptoms of norovirus in the person infected appear 12 to 48 hours after the first encounter with the virus, and they last for 1 to 3 days. People with existing comorbidities or any health complications experience continual symptoms for several weeks or months.

Sometimes, when infected with norovirus, one may not show any symptoms. However, as the condition progresses, one can experience the following symptoms:

• Feeling ill
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Low fever
• Muscle pain
• Stomach pain or cramps
• Diarrhea

Causes of norovirus
Norovirus infection is contagious and can spread from person to person. Both vomit and stools of infected persons contain the virus. One can still transfer the virus after recovery as the viruses can persist for several days or weeks on the surfaces of respective objects.

Different n orovirus causes can  be:

• Consuming contaminated food and water
• Touching one’s mouth after getting in contact with a contaminated object or surface
• Being in close proximity to an infected person

It’s challenging to completely eradicate norovirus since they are resistant to extreme temperature ranges, i.e., both high and low, and also resistant to numerous disinfectants.

Prevention of norovirus
Anyone can transmit the norovirus more than once, and to avoid this, one can:

• Be extra cautious, particularly after using the restroom or changing a diaper; wash hands thoroughly with handwash and water for at least 20 seconds before preparing food, drinking, or eating.
• Use soaps and water as the virus is resistant to certain soaps as compared to hand sanitizers.
• Avoid contaminated food and drink, especially food prepared by a sick person.
• Wash fruits or vegetables thoroughly before preparation.
• Cook seafood properly.
• Use regular cleaning and disinfection techniques on infected surfaces, as the virus can thrive on them for several days
• Use disposable gloves, disinfectant, and chlorine bleach solution to protect against norovirus.

Diagnosis of norovirus
Generally, noroviruses can be recognized from a stool sample. The infection is typically diagnosed based on the person’s symptoms. Therefore, the doctor will advise a stool test to confirm the presence of norovirus leading to a compromised immune system or other health issues.

Treatment options for norovirus
The norovirus infection has no specific therapy. Generally, a person’s immune system determines how quickly they recover from infections. The disease gradually disappears in a few days for most patients. However, it is crucial to replenish lost fluids.

Oral and intravenous rehydration options can also be considered to prevent and treat dehydration. The doctor may also suggest nausea relievers and anti-diarrheal treatment options to manage the effects of norovirus.

Change in lifestyle and food habits
As the condition has no definitive treatment, making lifestyle changes and using oral rehydration solutions can help with the effects of norovirus. Adults can consume oral rehydration solutions, broths, and sports drinks. However, sugar-rich beverages like soft drinks and fruit juices might worsen diarrhea. Avoid caffeine-containing beverages too.  Try to eat little bits of food throughout the day. If possible, gradually start with bland, easily digestible foods like toast, gelatin, bananas, applesauce, rice, and chicken. 

If nausea persists, abstain from fatty or strongly seasoned foods, caffeinated products, and dairy items.

Avoid social interaction as much as possible while ill and for a few days after recovery. Don’t cook for others until all of the symptoms have subsided.

Complications of norovirus
Most people recover from norovirus infection without serious side effects. However, it could be severe for others, particularly elderly adults, young children, people with compromised immune systems and health complications, and pregnant women.

Dehydration warning indicators include:

• Dizziness
• Decreased urine output
• Fatigue
• Dry mouth and throat

It can also cause severe dehydration and even death.

Norovirus is one of the most aggravating health conditions. Fortunately, the condition only persists for a short while. With timely diagnosis and following simple personal hygiene methods, one can manage the symptoms. Instead of eating three or four large meals daily, try to take tiny nibbles or sips of water regularly. If the symptoms persist for over three days, speak with a healthcare professional for immediate intervention.